Ketogenic diet: menu, permitted and prohibited foods

The ketogenic diet (keto diet, Low Carb High Fat (LCHF), ketogenic diet) is a low-carbohydrate diet with a moderate protein content and a high fat content.Classically used for childhood epilepsy, dietary interpretations are recommended to combat many other diseases.But above all nowadays it is used as a diet to lose weight.

The diet was developed in the 1920s and was used successfully to treat epilepsy, but with the popularization of anticonvulsants its relevance declined.A renewed interest in diet dates back to the 1990s.thanks to Hollywood producer Jim Abrahams, whose son was successfully treated for epilepsy with the help of a keto diet.

We present a complete guide to the keto diet, a list of allowed and prohibited foods, and a 7-day menu.

The essence of the ketogenic diet

The proposed diet forces the body to use fats as its main source of energy.Typically, this function is carried out by carbohydrates supplied with food: they are transformed into glucose during the glycolysis process, which constitutes the "fuel" for the body.Fats, in turn, are stored in reserve.

If there are few carbohydrates in the diet, the liver converts fats (from body reserves or from food) into fatty acids and ketone bodies: the latter enter the brain and are used as an alternative source of energy, replacing glucose.A condition in which there is an increase in the level of ketone bodies in the blood is called ketosis.

The human body adapts to the diet: when there is a shortage of carbohydrates, it begins to use ketones instead of glucose, the optimal level of which has a number of positive effects on health, physical and mental characteristics and also leads to a reduction in epileptic seizures.

The use of a diet for children with epilepsy involves taking the amount of protein necessary for the growth and regeneration of the body and a sufficient amount of calories necessary to maintain normal weight, taking into account the age of the child.

For which diseases is the ketogenic diet used?

Epilepsy

In children, the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet is confirmed in more than half of cases.In 2008, a randomized clinical trial confirmed the positive effect of the ketogenic diet in severe forms of epilepsy: a dynamic was noted in more than 90% of cases within 6-24 months.Following a diet reduces the burden of drugs on the body, which is extremely important for these children.

For epilepsy in adult patients, a lighter version is used - the modified Atkins diet.

Oncological diseases

Some types of cancer cells are unable to use ketones effectively.In combination with low blood sugar levels and growth factors, a ketogenic diet can be used for adjuvant metabolic therapy.The most promising for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Metabolic diseases

The diet leads to an improvement in insulin sensitivity (according to some data, by 75%), a decrease in blood sugar and the normalization of the lipid profile in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The diet naturally lowers blood sugar, so it is recommended both for patients with type 2 diabetes and for people with prediabetes.

Obesity

It refers to a metabolic disorder, but we will talk about it separately.Using fat as an energy source leads to weight loss.The ketogenic diet is effective for weight loss and helps not only to lose weight, but also to maintain the result.Some sources report a loss of 2.5-3 kg per week.

The neuroprotective effect of the diet is considered to treat serious neurological diseases: Alzheimer's disease, autism, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and others.Research in this area is ongoing.

Positive effects of the keto diet

Improved cognitive function

Ketones are an excellent source of fuel for the brain.By reducing carbohydrates in your diet, you eliminate a significant increase in blood sugar that occurs after eating.Together, this improves attention and concentration.

Increased energy and physical strength

People who follow a ketogenic diet have more energy throughout the day.After eating, a feeling of satiety is created for a long period of time.The diet is used by athletes who practice cyclical sports (triathlon, cycling).Burning fat as an energy source helps conserve glycogen stores during heavy loads.

• Reduction in blood pressure.Weight loss leads to normal blood pressure.
• Slowing of vascular aging.Increased levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood slow down the aging process of blood vessels.
• Improved skin condition.A low-carb diet helps get rid of acne.

The ketogenic diet also has disadvantages

• Hypovitaminosis, electrolyte and mineral imbalance.The ketogenic diet is not balanced in vitamin and mineral content.An additional intake of vitamin and mineral complexes may be necessary.
• Increased cholesterol levels.Polyunsaturated fats increase cholesterol levels.This indicator, as well as the ratio of LDL to HDL, should be monitored.
• Reduced blood acidity.This is a consequence of an increase in the number of ketone bodies.For people suffering from diabetes, the condition is fraught with intoxication of the body, diabetic coma and even death.
• Accelerate intestinal emptying time.This is a common side effect that gradually disappears: the body adapts to the new diet.
• “Keto Flu”.Syndrome that develops in the first days of the diet and manifests itself with an increased feeling of hunger, weakness, distraction, sleep disturbances, headaches and decreased physical and mental performance.It is recommended to drink more water and eat healthy fats these days.
• Bad breath.A side effect that can be treated with regular chewing gum or breath flavoring.You should also increase the amount of water in your diet.
• Ketoacidosis.A terrible complication of the diet, in which vomiting and nausea, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and constant thirst are noted.If any of the symptoms develop, seek medical attention immediately.

Basic rules of the ketogenic diet

Let's consider the ketogenic diet in its classic meaning.Currently there are many varieties and variations of the keto diet (targeted, cyclical, targeted, rich in proteins), but the standard diet is the most studied and predictable.

Food is a physiological necessity of the body, a building material and a source of energy.Diet developers focus on this: the diet does not require strong restriction of food intake, strict calorie counting, and you do not have to starve.But there are also mandatory rules which cannot be derogated from.

Eat only when you are hungry, but without overeating

It is recommended to eat slowly and in a quiet environment.One portion corresponds to approximately 180 g.Snacks are not allowed.

B:F:U ratio – 20:65-75:10-5 (%)

This is the standard ketogenic diet (SKD).The basis of the diet is foods rich in animal fats.You should think about your diet based on the proportions presented.

• Carbohydrates: 0.3 g.per 1 kg of weight.
• Protein: 1.5-2 g.per 1 kg of weight.
• Fat - 1.8 g.per 1 kg of weight.

Start without preparation

The diet begins on any day and does not require a gradual reduction of carbohydrates in the diet.

Increased drinking regime

Drinking clean water is above the physiological norm to prevent dehydration (2-3 l).

Physical activity

Sports, light jogging, walking are required.

The state of ketosis develops 7-14 days after starting the diet and is manifested by a lack of hunger, the acetone smell of sweat and urine, a specific smell of the mouth and dry mucous membranes, and a frequent need to urinate.

Contraindications

The ketogenic diet has a number of contraindications:

• serious chronic diseases;
• hypertension;
• acute diseases and infections (it is not possible to start a diet during this period);
• oncopathology (only on doctor's prescription);
• children under 18 (except in cases of epilepsy);
• pregnant and breastfeeding women.

With caution:

• type I diabetes;
• elderly people.

Allowed and prohibited foods on the keto diet

Foods rich in carbohydrates are prohibited:

• Sugar and sweeteners;
• Quickly digestible sweet foods: juices, smoothies, carbonated drinks, energy drinks, ice cream, cakes, pastries, sweets, milk chocolate, desserts and so on;
• Cereals and starches: bread, pasta, cereals, white rice, millet and so on;
• Legumes: chickpeas, peas, lentils, beans;
• Fruit: everything except a small amount of acidic berries;
• Root vegetables and tubers: potatoes, sweet potatoes, parsnips, carrots, beets;
• Sauces and condiments: mayonnaise, ketchup and others containing sugar;
• Sugar-free low-fat dietary foods (muesli, cereals).They often undergo multi-step processing and contain chemical elements that influence the level of ketone bodies;
• Alcohol.

Violation of the diet causes the body to leave the state of ketosis.

What you can eat:

• Fish, mostly fatty: trout, mackerel, salmon, flounder, cod, catfish, tuna, perch;
• Shellfish: lobsters, crabs, mussels, scallops, squid, oysters;
• Eggs: any;
• Beef: fillet, steaks;
• Pork: fillet, pork loin, ham (however, it is necessary to know the amount of sugar present in the product);
• Poultry: chicken, goose, duck, pheasant, quail, turkey and other species;
• Other types of meat: goat, lamb, veal, rabbit, game (preferably dense meats);
• By-products: liver, kidney, stomach, heart;
• Sausages, bacon and other meat products.You can do it in small quantities, the main thing is to read the ingredients so that there is no sugar in the composition;
• Cheeses: any unprocessed - cheddar, goat, cream, mozzarella;
• Nuts, seeds: sesame, chia seeds, almonds, walnuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts;
• Oils and fats: avocado, coconut, olive, lard, lard;
• Dairy products: milk 3%, butter 82.5%, sour cream from 20%, cream 20-40%, yogurt, whey, cottage cheese from 5%.Natural, from free-grazing cows;
• Vegetables: low-carb and non-starchy (mostly all green) - avocado, broccoli, celery, spinach, asparagus, all kinds of salads, as well as onions, cucumbers, tomatoes (sometimes);
• Fruit: berries sometimes acidic, but not exceeding the daily dose;
• Mushrooms: all edible;
• Grains: brown rice occasionally;
• Desserts: natural dark chocolate 70-90%;
• Spices: pepper, salt, aromatic herbs;
• Drinks: coffee, tea, chicory, sugar-free compote of unsweetened berries.

Note:

• Cooking methods: any - boiled, baked, grilled, stewed.If meat, vegetables or fish are marinated before cooking, you need to make sure that there is no sugar in the marinade.
• Snacks.They are not welcome, but if you really want to eat, a piece of boiled meat or fish, a handful of nuts, cheese, boiled eggs and celery will do.
• SupplementsIn the first few weeks you can also introduce caffeine and creatine into your diet to increase stamina and energy.In the future, the use of exogenous ketones may be necessary to maintain the state of ketosis.

Ketogenic diet menu

Sticking to the suggested diet is not difficult.We present to your attention a sample menu for a ketogenic diet for a week (excluding daily water intake).There are many recipes on the Internet for a ketogenic diet for every day (search by phrases: keto recipes, recipes for the keto diet, keto food), that is, you can eat tasty and varied.

Day 1

• Breakfast: boiled eggs, goat cheese, sugar-free coffee.
• Lunch: Chicken salad with feta cheese and green vegetables, dressed with olive oil.
• Snack: a handful of nuts.
• Dinner: Beef meatballs with cheddar cheese and tomato.

Day 2

• Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with bacon and aromatic herbs, chicory.
• Lunch: grilled fillet, avocado, cucumber, cheese and spinach salad.
• Snack: boiled fish and fresh celery.
• Dinner: almond milk, lazy sugar-free cheesecakes.

Day 3

• Breakfast: omelette with cheese and shrimp, coffee.
• Lunch: Baked chicken breast with brown rice.
• Snack: avocado.
• Dinner: Grilled beef, green cabbage and tomato salad.

Day 4

• Breakfast: poached eggs with avocado, tea.
• Lunch: salad with trout, mozzarella and vegetables.
• Snack: nuts.
• Dinner: baked pork with celery and tomato.

Day 5

• Breakfast: cottage cheese casserole with sour cream and berries, chicory.
• Lunch: Grilled chicken with tomatoes and herbs.
• Snack: natural yogurt with nuts.
• Dinner: Salad of prawns, sesame, celery, dressed with oil.

Day 6

• Breakfast: ketogenic milkshake with chia seeds, cottage cheese, tea.
• Lunch: baked trout with cheese and aromatic herbs.
• Snack: avocado with nuts.
• Dinner: Turkey chops with green salad.

Day 7

• Breakfast: ricotta with grated dark chocolate, coffee.
• Lunch: Creamy soup with lamb, asparagus and cheese.
• Snack: avocado with lemon juice.
• Dinner: sea bass with broccoli.

The menu of the week can be changed at your discretion.

Opinions

Doctors' opinions boil down to the fact that you can stick to this diet for no more than two months.Dr Alan Barkley from the University of Sydney says the keto diet is safe for short-term use.Another specialist says that there are always risks, but they can be avoided by following the doctor's instructions.

Reviews and results

On the Internet you can see impressive results of people who followed a ketogenic diet and lost tens of kilograms.However, there are also negative reviews with health consequences.This once again confirms that the diet can only be followed under medical supervision.

Answers to questions

Is it possible to have carb days?

2-3 months after starting the diet, you can sometimes eat carbohydrates in small quantities, for example, 1 slice of cake once every 2-3 weeks.Then you should go back to your diet.

Is it easy to build muscle mass?

With constant physical activity, you can build muscle, but this will be more difficult than with diets with a moderate carbohydrate content.

Does the smell of urine change?

Yes, urine takes on a fruity acetone smell, this is normal.

Conclusions

From a medical point of view, a diet is a therapeutic diet, which means it must be prescribed by a doctor.Before losing weight on a keto diet on your own or as part of marathons, which is very fashionable now, we recommend that you consult a medical specialist.